Category: Fertility and Infertility

  • Egg Freezing: Who Should Consider It and How It Works

    You wake up in your 30s or 40s, wondering: will I still be able to have a baby when I’m ready? Maybe you’re focused on your career, or still waiting for the right partner. Or maybe life just hasn’t followed the timeline you imagined. And the clock? It’s ticking louder every year.

    But what if you could press pause? Egg freezing—also known as oocyte cryopreservation—offers women the chance to preserve their fertility, giving hope and options for the future. It’s no longer an experimental procedure; it’s an empowering choice backed by science.

    Who Should Consider Egg Freezing?

    Egg freezing isn’t just for celebrities or influencers. It’s for every woman who wants more time and control over her reproductive choices. Here’s who might benefit the most:

    • Women delaying pregnancy for personal or career reasons: If you’re focused on education, building a career, or haven’t met the right partner, freezing your eggs before 35 preserves better-quality eggs for the future.
    • Women facing medical treatments that threaten fertility: Chemotherapy, radiation, or ovarian surgery can damage your egg reserve. Freezing eggs beforehand offers a safeguard.
    • Women with endometriosis or family history of early menopause: These conditions may accelerate fertility decline. Egg freezing keeps doors open later.
    • Women undergoing IVF but wanting flexibility: Some women prefer freezing eggs instead of embryos, avoiding legal or ethical issues linked to embryo storage.

    How Does Egg Freezing Work?

    The process may sound intimidating, but advances in technology have made it smoother and more effective. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown:

    1. Ovarian Stimulation: You’ll take hormone injections for 10–14 days to stimulate multiple eggs. Doctors monitor you via ultrasound and blood tests.
    2. Egg Retrieval: When the eggs are mature, a minor procedure retrieves them using a thin needle under light sedation.
    3. Freezing: The eggs are flash-frozen through vitrification—a rapid method that prevents ice crystals and improves survival rates.
    4. Storage: Frozen eggs are kept in liquid nitrogen at -196°C. They can remain stored for years, though most clinics recommend using them within 10–15 years.

    Success Rates: What Are the Chances?

    One question women ask: “How many eggs do I need to freeze?” The answer depends largely on your age:

    • Under 35: Freeze 10–15 eggs for a strong chance of 1 live birth.
    • 35–37: Freeze 15–20 eggs.
    • 38–40: Freeze 20–30 eggs.
    • Over 40: Freeze 30+ eggs—but understand success rates drop significantly after 40.

    Each egg’s chance of resulting in a live birth declines with age. Freezing before 35 offers the highest success, as younger eggs have better quality and survival after freezing, thawing, and fertilization.

    Costs: Is Egg Freezing Affordable?

    Cost is a major consideration. Prices vary by country and clinic:

    CountryAverage Cost per Cycle (USD)
    United States$6,000 – $15,000
    UK$5,000 – $8,000
    Canada$8,000 – $12,000
    Brazil$3,000 – $5,000
    India$2,000 – $4,000

    Storage fees add $300–$1,000 per year. Some employers now cover egg freezing as a benefit, so check your insurance or HR policies.

    Risks and Limitations

    While egg freezing offers hope, it’s not a guarantee. Key risks include:

    • Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Hormonal treatment may cause bloating, nausea, or discomfort. Severe cases are rare.
    • Egg Survival Rate: Not all eggs survive freezing and thawing; survival rates range 80–90% with vitrification.
    • No Guarantee of Pregnancy: Even with many frozen eggs, pregnancy depends on egg quality, sperm quality, and uterine health.

    Egg Freezing vs. Embryo Freezing: Which is Better?

    Both options have pros and cons:

    • Egg freezing: Ideal for single women or those wanting flexibility. Avoids legal/ethical issues around embryos.
    • Embryo freezing: Offers slightly higher live birth rates but requires sperm and is less flexible for single women.

    Final Thoughts: Is Egg Freezing Right for You?

    Egg freezing isn’t just a medical procedure—it’s an emotional, financial, and personal decision. It offers peace of mind, but it’s not a guarantee. The earlier you freeze, the better your chances. Talk to a fertility specialist to explore your ovarian reserve and personal goals.

    For many women, freezing eggs represents more than biology—it’s about keeping dreams alive, even when life’s timeline shifts.

    This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009.
    2. Practice Committee of the ASRM. “Egg Freezing Guidelines.” Fertility and Sterility, 2022.
    3. ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology). “Oocyte Cryopreservation: Success Rates and Recommendations.” Human Reproduction Update, 2023.
    4. Cobo, A.; Garcia-Velasco, J. “Oocyte Cryopreservation for Age-Related Fertility Decline.” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2022.
    5. Smith, R.; Kilani, S. “Long-Term Outcomes of Egg Freezing: A Systematic Review.” Human Reproduction, 2023.

  • When a Dream Becomes a Challenge: A Rare Case of Intramural Pregnancy After IVF

    For many women battling infertility, a positive pregnancy test after in vitro fertilization (IVF) feels like the ultimate victory. A symbol of hope. A promise fulfilled after years of silent struggle.

    That was exactly how Isabella* felt when her doctor called with the news she had longed to hear:

    “Your pregnancy test is positive.”

    For Isabella, who had faced a long and painful journey living with endometriosis, this moment felt almost unreal. After surgeries, hormone treatments, and countless sleepless nights wondering if motherhood would ever be possible, she was finally expecting.

    But sometimes, even the happiest beginnings carry hidden challenges.

    This is Isabella’s story—and a warning about a silent, little-known complication: intramural pregnancy.

    The Positive Test: A Dream Come True

    When Isabella first heard the news, she cried tears of pure joy.

    After all the heartbreak, all the procedures, all the waiting — her dream was real. Her beta-hCG levels were rising. The future she imagined, holding a baby in her arms, felt closer than ever.

    She imagined her first ultrasound. The heartbeat. The tiny sac growing exactly where it should.

    The First Ultrasound: When Hope Met Uncertainty

    At six weeks, Isabella attended her first ultrasound.

    But instead of celebration, she faced confusion.

    The doctor moved the probe carefully. His face grew serious.

    There was no gestational sac in the uterus.

    Isabella’s heart raced. “Maybe it’s too early,” they told her.

    “Maybe it’s hiding,” someone reassured.

    But deep inside, Isabella knew something wasn’t right.

    The Second Ultrasound: A Diagnosis No One Expected

    Ten days later, a second ultrasound was done.

    This time, the doctors looked deeper — and they found it.

    The embryo was growing, not in the uterine cavity, but inside the muscle wall of her uterus.

    A condition called intramural pregnancy — a form of ectopic pregnancy so rare that few doctors ever encounter it.

    Isabella’s world crumbled. How could this be happening? After everything she’d endured?

    What Is Intramural Pregnancy?

    Intramural pregnancy occurs when a fertilized embryo implants inside the myometrium — the muscular layer of the uterus — rather than within the endometrial cavity where it belongs.

    It’s different from other ectopic pregnancies (like tubal pregnancy) because it’s embedded inside the uterus itself — just in the wrong place.

    It’s extremely rare, especially after IVF, and carries enormous risks:

    • Uterine rupture
    • Severe hemorrhage
    • Loss of fertility
    • Life-threatening emergencies

    Early diagnosis is critical to prevent tragedy.

    Why It Happens, Especially After IVF

    After IVF, embryos are transferred into the uterine cavity. But in rare cases, particularly in women with previous uterine surgeries or endometrial damage (like Isabella’s endometriosis), small microscopic defects can allow the embryo to migrate abnormally.

    Instead of attaching to the endometrial lining, it burrows into the muscular wall.

    And sadly, no matter how hard the heart wishes — intramural pregnancies cannot survive.

    Isabella’s Treatment: Hope, Waiting, and Tough Decisions

    Doctors first attempted a medical management approach.

    They administered methotrexate, a drug that stops rapidly dividing cells, aiming to halt the embryo’s growth and allow her body to reabsorb it naturally.

    It felt hopeful at first. Her beta-hCG levels began to drop.

    But the gestational sac didn’t disappear.

    They tried a second injection of methotrexate — but this carried new dangers:

    • Methotrexate can lower platelets, the cells vital for blood clotting.
    • It can stress the liver, sometimes leading to serious toxicity.
    • And still, the pregnancy persisted stubbornly.

    Isabella’s doctors faced a choice — and so did she.

    When Methotrexate Fails: Understanding the Risks

    Persistent intramural pregnancies after methotrexate are not just frustrating — they’re dangerous.

    The sac can continue to grow, weaken the uterine muscle, and cause sudden, catastrophic rupture — a medical emergency.

    In cases like Isabella’s, waiting becomes riskier than surgery.

    Choosing Surgery: A Courageous Step

    After careful counseling, Isabella chose to move forward with surgery.

    It wasn’t an easy decision.

    Surgery meant risks:

    • Uterine damage
    • Possible future infertility
    • Physical recovery
    • Emotional scars

    But it also meant a chance to preserve her life — and her uterus.

    With courage only those who have faced infertility can understand, Isabella signed the consent forms and entered the operating room.

    The Surgical Challenge: What Doctors Faced

    During surgery, the team carefully located the intramural gestational sac.

    Removing it required incredible precision — separating it from the muscle without damaging the integrity of the uterus.

    The surgery was long, tense, but ultimately successful.

    They saved her uterus.

    They saved her future.

    And most importantly, they saved Isabella.

    What Happens After Surgery?

    Recovery was slow.

    Emotionally draining.

    Full of “what ifs” and “whys.”

    But over time, Isabella’s body healed.

    Her hormone levels returned to normal.

    Her periods restarted.

    Most importantly, her hope survived.

    Her doctors reassured her that, despite the trauma, she still had a good chance of future pregnancy — carefully monitored, lovingly supported.

    The Emotional Toll: Lessons Isabella’s Journey Teaches Us

    Pregnancy after IVF isn’t always a smooth ride.

    Success stories often hide silent battles, unspoken fears, and medical emergencies few imagine.

    Isabella’s journey teaches us:

    • Always listen to your body.
    • Never assume that good news can’t change.
    • Trust your instincts.
    • Ask questions. Demand clear answers.

    No woman should ever feel alone when facing rare complications.

    Knowledge is survival.

    Awareness is hope.

    Key Medical Insights: Diagnosis, Management, and Hope

    How Intramural Pregnancy Is Diagnosed

    • Transvaginal ultrasound showing no gestational sac in uterine cavity
    • Gestational sac embedded in the uterine wall
    • Sometimes confirmed by MRI for surgical planning

    How It’s Treated

    • Methotrexate (first attempt if early and small)
    • Surgery (if methotrexate fails or risk of rupture is high)
    • Future pregnancy management with high-risk monitoring

    Conclusion: Listen to Your Body, Fight for Your Future

    Isabella’s story could have ended in tragedy.

    But because of attentive care, early diagnosis, and her own unwavering strength, she emerged stronger than ever.

    Today, she shares her experience so other women can recognize the signs — and know that even when dreams are interrupted, hope remains.

    You are not alone.

    You are not broken.

    You are stronger than you think.

    If you’ve undergone IVF or have endometriosis and feel something isn’t right — speak up. Fight for answers.

    Your life. Your body. Your future.

    They matter.

    They always have.

     References:

    1. Rock, J. A., & Jones, H. W. (2017). Te Linde’s Operative Gynecology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
    2. Tulandi, T., & Al-Jaroudi, D. (2004). Interstitial pregnancy: Results generated from the Society of Reproductive Surgeons Registry. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 103(1), 47-50.
    3. Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Liu, C. (2021). Diagnosis and management of intramural ectopic pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 47(3), 853-861.
    4. American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). (2023). Ectopic Pregnancy: A Guide for Patients. Birmingham, AL.

  • Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Infertility

    Did you know that about 15% of couples around the world struggle to have a baby? For many, this journey can be filled with emotional ups and downs, especially when traditional methods like IVF (in vitro fertilization) don’t work out. But there’s a new ray of hope on the horizon—stem cell therapy. This isn’t just another treatment; it’s a potential game-changer in the world of fertility.

    What is Stem Cell Therapy?

    Stem cells are like the body’s all-purpose tools; they can transform into almost any type of cell. That’s really exciting for treating infertility because these cells might help repair or regenerate reproductive tissues which aren’t working as they should be.

    Types of Stem Cells in Simple Terms:

    • Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): These are special cells found in places like bone marrow and fat tissue. They are great at fixing damaged tissues and calming inflammation, which can be super helpful for repairing organs needed for pregnancy.
    • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs): Scientists can take regular cells from the body and reprogram them to act like brand-new, do-anything cells. They can become any type of cell the body might need, which means they could potentially fix damaged organs or tissues anywhere in the body, including reproductive organs.

    How Can Stem Cells Help With Fertility?

    Repairing Ovaries

    For women whose ovaries aren’t working well (like those with premature ovarian failure), stem cells might help by creating new, functional ovarian tissue. This could mean a chance to conceive naturally, which is a big deal for women who thought they might never have this opportunity.

    Fixing the Uterus

    Some women have trouble with the lining of their uterus, which needs to be healthy for a pregnancy to occur. Stem cells can help rebuild this lining, making it possible for an embryo to implant and grow.

    Boosting IVF Success

    IVF can be tough, and it doesn’t always work. But stem cells might improve the quality of eggs or the environment of the uterus, giving couples a better chance of success when they try IVF.

    Real Success Stories

    The Miracle of Natural Pregnancies

    One study used stem cells from umbilical cords to help women with ovarian issues and saw two natural pregnancies happen. This is exciting because it shows that even when things seem impossible, there’s still hope.

    Boosting the Odds

    Another study gave stem cells to women who hadn’t responded well to fertility treatments. They found that some of these women were able to get pregnant naturally, showing that these cells can really make a difference.

    What’s Next? The Future of Fertility Treatments

    While stem cell therapy is still new and needs more research, the successes we’ve seen so far are promising. Scientists are working hard to make sure it’s safe and effective for everyone.

    Why This Matters

    Stem cell therapy could change the fertility game completely, offering new hope to many who felt they had run out of options. It’s not just about having a baby; it’s about making dreams come true and expanding families.

    Conclusion

    If you or someone you know is struggling with infertility, there’s new hope on the horizon. With stem cell therapy, the future of fertility treatment looks brighter than ever. It’s an exciting time, and we can’t wait to see how these advances will continue to help couples fulfill their dreams of parenthood.

    Let’s Talk About It

    Have you or someone you love faced fertility challenges? Let’s start a conversation and support each other. Share this story, spread hope, and help us bring light to this incredible new treatment option!

    References

    1. Saha, S. et al. (2021). “Application of Stem Cell Therapy for Infertility.” Cells.
    2. Vakili, S., Jafarinia, M. (2024). “Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Female Infertility.” GMJ.
    3. Cardim, H.J.P., et al. (2022). “Efficacy and safety of ovarian stem cell transplantation in patients with primary ovarian insufficiency and poor responders: a systematic review.”

  • The Most Accurate Tests for Male Infertility Diagnosis

    Male infertility accounts for nearly 50% of all infertility cases. Despite this, many men delay testing due to lack of awareness, embarrassment, or the misconception that infertility is primarily a female issue​.

    This article provides a comprehensive overview of male fertility testing, including:

    Semen analysis and sperm quality tests.

    Hormonal evaluations and genetic testing.

    Imaging studies and advanced diagnostics.

    If you or your partner are experiencing difficulties conceiving, understanding these tests can help identify potential issues and guide appropriate treatment options.

    2. Semen Analysis: The First Step in Male Fertility Testing

    A. What Does a Semen Analysis Measure?

    A semen analysis is the most fundamental male fertility test. It evaluates:

    ParameterNormal Range (WHO Criteria)
    Semen Volume1.5–5.0 mL per ejaculation
    Sperm Count≥ 15 million per mL
    Sperm Motility (Movement)≥ 40% actively moving sperm
    Sperm Morphology (Shape)≥ 4% normal forms
    Sperm Vitality≥ 58% alive sperm
    Leukocyte Count<1 million white blood cells per mL (higher may indicate infection)

    B. How is the Test Performed?

    • The sample is collected via masturbation after 2-5 days of abstinence.
    • If abnormal results are found, a repeat test is done after 2-4 weeks for confirmation​.

    C. Limitations of Semen Analysis

    While useful, a normal semen analysis does not guarantee fertility, as some men with normal sperm parameters may still experience infertility due to DNA fragmentation or functional issues​.

    3. Advanced Sperm Function Tests

    If a semen analysis appears normal but infertility persists, additional tests may be recommended:

    A. DNA Fragmentation Test

     Assesses sperm DNA integrity, which affects embryo development and pregnancy success.
    Higher fragmentation levels are linked to recurrent miscarriages and low fertilization rates in IVF.

    B. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Test

     Measures oxidative stress, which can damage sperm.
     High ROS levels are seen in smokers, men with varicocele, and those exposed to environmental toxins​.

    C. Sperm Capacitation Test

     Evaluates if sperm can undergo necessary changes for egg penetration and fertilization.

    4. Hormonal Testing for Male  Infertility

    A. Key Hormones to Check

    HormoneFunctionNormal Range
    TestosteroneRegulates sperm production300–1,000 ng/dL
    Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)Stimulates sperm production1.5–12.4 mIU/mL
    Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Regulates testosterone production1.7–8.6 mIU/mL
    ProlactinHigh levels may indicate pituitary dysfunction2–18 ng/mL
    Estradiol (E2)Essential for sperm maturation10–40 pg/mL

    B. When is Hormonal Testing Necessary?

    Low sperm count (oligospermia) or no sperm in semen (azoospermia).
     Symptoms of low testosterone (fatigue, low libido, erectile dysfunction).
     Suspected pituitary gland dysfunction​.

    5. Genetic Testing for Male Infertility

    A. Who Needs Genetic Testing?

    Men with:
     Azoospermia or severe oligospermia.
     A family history of infertility or genetic disorders.
     Congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD), often linked to cystic fibrosis​.

    B. Common Genetic Tests

    1. Karyotyping – Detects chromosomal abnormalities like Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY chromosome pattern).
    2. Y-Chromosome Microdeletion Test – Identifies missing genetic material needed for sperm production.
    3. CFTR Gene Testing – Screens for cystic fibrosis mutations, which can cause missing sperm ducts.

    6. Imaging Tests for Male Infertility

    A. Scrotal Ultrasound

    Evaluates testicular size, tumors, and varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum).

    B. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)

     Detects blockages in the ejaculatory ducts and prostate abnormalities​.

    C. Testicular Biopsy

     Used when azoospermia is present to differentiate between:

    • Obstructive Azoospermia (sperm is produced but blocked).
    • Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (sperm is not produced)​.

    7. Conclusion: The Importance of Early Testing

     Semen analysis is the first step in male fertility testing.
     Hormonal and genetic tests help diagnose underlying conditions.
    Imaging and advanced sperm tests provide additional insights.

    Men experiencing infertility should undergo a comprehensive evaluation to identify and treat potential causes early. Early diagnosis increases the chances of successful treatment and conception.

    If you or your partner are struggling to conceive, consider scheduling a male fertility assessment today!

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009​.
    2. World Health Organization (WHO). “Semen Analysis Standards.” Human Reproduction Update, 2021.
    3. Barratt, C.L., et al. “The Diagnosis and Management of Male Infertility.” Lancet, 2020.
    4. Practice Committee of the ASRM. “Evaluation of the Male Partner in Infertility.” Fertility and Sterility, 2022.

  • Genetics and Infertility Treatment: A Simple Guide

    Genetics plays a big role in our ability to have children. Sometimes, problems in our DNA can make it harder for a person to conceive naturally. Fortunately, science has come a long way, and doctors can now use genetic testing to help people understand and treat infertility. In this guide, we’ll break down how genetics affects fertility and what treatments are available in simple, easy-to-understand language.

    Understanding the connection between genetics and infertility

    1. How Genetics Affects Fertility

    1.1 Genetic Causes of Infertility in Women

    Some women may struggle to get pregnant due to changes in their DNA. Here are some common reasons:

    • Chromosome Issues: Sometimes, a woman’s cells might have an extra chromosome or be missing one. This can lead to problems with ovulation (the release of eggs) and pregnancy.
    • Early Menopause (Premature Ovarian Insufficiency – POI): Some women stop producing eggs at a younger age than usual. In some cases, this runs in families.
    • Endometriosis and PCOS: These common conditions that affect fertility may have a genetic link. If your mother or sister has them, you might have a higher chance of developing them too.
    • Egg Quality: As women age, their eggs naturally lose quality, but some women experience this sooner than others due to genetic reasons.

    1.2 Genetic Causes of Infertility in Men

    Men can also face fertility issues due to genetics. Some common causes include:

    • Missing DNA on the Y Chromosome: This can reduce or stop sperm production.
    • Klinefelter Syndrome: A condition where a man has an extra X chromosome, which affects testosterone levels and sperm production.
    • Cystic Fibrosis-Related Infertility: Some men who carry a gene for cystic fibrosis are born without sperm ducts, making it impossible for sperm to leave the body naturally.
    • Sperm DNA Damage: If the DNA inside sperm is broken or faulty, it can make pregnancy difficult or increase the risk of miscarriage.

    2. How Genetic Testing Can Help With Infertility

    If doctors suspect that a genetic issue is making it harder for someone to conceive, they may suggest genetic tests. These tests can help couples understand their chances of getting pregnant and what treatments might work best.

    2.1 Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)

    • What It Is: This test is done during in vitro fertilization (IVF). After eggs and sperm are combined in a lab to create embryos, doctors check the embryos for genetic problems before implanting them in the uterus.
    • Why It Helps: It can improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy by selecting embryos with the right number of chromosomes.

    2.2 Carrier Screening

    • What It Is: This test checks if a person carries genes for inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
    • Who Should Get It: It’s recommended for couples who have a family history of genetic diseases or come from ethnic backgrounds with a higher risk for certain conditions.

    2.3 Chromosome Testing (Karyotype Analysis)

    • What It Does: This test looks at the structure of a person’s chromosomes to see if there are any missing or extra pieces.
    • Why It’s Important: If someone has a chromosomal issue, it may explain repeated miscarriages or trouble getting pregnant.

    2.4 Sperm DNA Testing

    • Why It’s Done: Sometimes, even if a man has normal sperm count, the DNA inside the sperm may be damaged.
    • Who Should Consider It: Men who have had failed IVF attempts or whose partners have experienced multiple miscarriages.

    3. Treatments for Genetic Infertility

    Once doctors understand the genetic cause of infertility, they can recommend different treatments to help couples conceive.

    3.1 IVF with Genetic Testing

    • How It Works: Doctors create embryos in a lab and test them for genetic problems before placing them in the uterus.
    • Best For: Couples who have a high risk of passing on a genetic disease or have had multiple failed pregnancies.

    3.2 Egg or Sperm Donation

    • When It’s Used: If genetic testing shows a severe issue, a couple may use a donated egg or sperm from a healthy person.
    • What to Consider: Some countries have rules about whether donors can remain anonymous or must be known to the child.

    3.3 Future Possibilities: Gene Editing

    • What It Is: Scientists are working on ways to fix genetic problems before conception using new technology like CRISPR.
    • Is It Available? Not yet for human reproduction, but research is ongoing.

    4. Things to Consider: Ethical and Financial Challenges

    • Moral Questions: Some people worry that selecting embryos or modifying genes could lead to “designer babies.”
    • Limitations: Genetic testing isn’t perfect, and some problems may still go undetected.
    • Cost and Access: Many genetic tests and treatments, like IVF, can be expensive and may not be covered by insurance.

    5. Conclusion: What Should You Do Next?

    If you or your partner are struggling with infertility and suspect genetics might be involved, consider speaking with a fertility specialist or genetic counselor. They can help you understand your options and find the best path to parenthood.

    Now that you understood the connection between genetics and infertility, help us spread Vittafemme.com!

    Join our mission to empower women with clear, science-based information about reproductive health.

    Share this post, follow us on social media, and invite your friends to explore our platform.

    Together, we can make fertility knowledge accessible to everyone who needs it.

    References

    ·  Cardim, H. J. (2009). Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix.

    ·  Robaire, B., & Chan, P. (Eds.) (2023). Handbook of Andrology. American Society of Andrology.

    ·  Van de Wiel, L. (2020). Freezing Fertility: Oocyte Cryopreservation and the Gender Politics of Aging. New York University Press.

    ·  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2024). Endometriosis: Diagnosis and Management. NICE Guidelines, NG73.

    ·  Eekelen, R. et al. (2017). “Natural conception: repeated predictions over time”. Human Reproduction, 32(2), 346–353

  • Does Lifestyle Affects Fertility in Men and Women?

    Introduction

    What do you think? Does lifestyle affect fertilitily ?

    Lifestyle choices play a significant role in fertility. Factors such as diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol, stress, and environmental toxins can impact hormonal balance, sperm quality, and ovarian function​.

    This article explores:
    How different lifestyle factors affect fertility.
    Scientific evidence on diet, exercise, smoking, and more.
    Practical tips to optimize fertility naturally.

    1. Diet and Fertility: What to Eat and Avoid

    A. Foods That Support Fertility

     Antioxidant-rich foods (berries, nuts, spinach) reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm and egg quality.
     Healthy fats (avocados, olive oil, nuts) support hormone production.
     Protein sources: Lean meats, fish, and plant proteins (legumes, quinoa) support reproductive health.
     Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and oats regulate blood sugar and hormonal balance.

    B. Foods That Harm Fertility

     Processed foods (high in trans fats and refined sugars) increase inflammation.
     Excess caffeine (>300 mg/day) may increase the risk of miscarriage.
    High-mercury fish (swordfish, shark) may harm fetal development.
    Excess soy may impact estrogen levels, although studies are inconclusive​.

    C. Does the Mediterranean Diet Improve Fertility?

     Studies show that the Mediterranean diet (rich in fish, vegetables, nuts, and olive oil) is linked to higher pregnancy rates in IVF.
    Women with PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) benefit from a low-carb diet to improve ovulation​.

    2. Exercise: How Much is Too Much?

    A. Benefits of Regular Exercise

    Moderate exercise (30–45 minutes per day, 3–5 times a week) improves blood circulation to reproductive organs.

     Reduces stress and inflammation, promoting better hormonal balance.
     In men, exercise increases testosterone levels and sperm quality​.

    B. Over-Exercising and Its Risks

    Excessive high-intensity exercise (>5 hours per week) can disrupt menstrual cycles. 

    Low body fat (<18%) may lead to anovulation (lack of ovulation).

     In men, excessive cycling (>5 hours/week) may impair sperm quality due to increased testicular temperature​.

    3. Smoking and Alcohol: How They Harm Fertility

    A. Effects of Smoking on Fertility

    Women who smoke experience egg quality decline and reach menopause 1–4 years earlier.
    Smoking doubles the risk of miscarriage and lowers IVF success rates.
    In men, smoking reduces sperm count, motility, and DNA integrity​.

    B. Alcohol Consumption and Reproductive Health

     Moderate alcohol consumption (1–2 drinks per week) may not significantly impact fertility.
     Heavy drinking (>7 drinks per week) is linked to hormonal imbalances, erectile dysfunction, and poor sperm quality.
    Binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) increases miscarriage risk​.

    4. Stress and Its Impact on Fertility

    A. How Stress Affects Reproduction

    • Chronic stress raises cortisol levels, which can suppress reproductive hormones (FSH, LH).
    • Women under high stress ovulate less regularly.
    • Stress is linked to lower sperm motility and quality in men​.

    B. Ways to Manage Stress for Better Fertility

     Yoga and meditation help regulate stress hormones.
     Acupuncture has been shown to improve IVF success rates.
     Mindfulness therapy improves emotional well-being in infertility patients​.

    5. Environmental Toxins and Fertility

    A. Common Chemicals That Reduce Fertility

    Pesticides and herbicides – Exposure can disrupt hormonal balance and lower sperm count.
    Plastics with BPA and phthalates – Found in water bottles and food containers, they mimic estrogen and may reduce fertility.
     Heavy metals (lead, mercury) – Exposure is linked to lower sperm quality and increased miscarriage risk​.

    B. How to Reduce Toxin Exposure

     Eat organic fruits and vegetables when possible.
     Use glass or stainless steel instead of plastic containers.
     Avoid non-stick cookware with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)​.

    6. Conclusion: Lifestyle Changes to Boost Fertility

    Eat a balanced, antioxidant-rich diet.
    Exercise in moderation – avoid extreme workouts.
    Quit smoking and limit alcohol.
    Manage stress through relaxation techniques.
    Minimize exposure to environmental toxins.

    Fertility is influenced by multiple lifestyle factors. Making positive changes can significantly improve the chances of conception.

    Would you like to explore specific fertility diets or natural supplements in the next article? 

    Did you change you mind? Does lifestyle affect fertilitily ?

    Now that you understood the connection between lifestyle and fertility, help us spread Vittafemme.com!

    Join our mission to empower women with clear, science-based information about reproductive health.

    Share this post, follow us on social media, and invite your friends to explore our platform.

    Together, we can make fertility knowledge accessible to everyone who needs it.

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009​.
    2. ASRM (American Society for Reproductive Medicine). “Lifestyle and Fertility: Current Evidence.” Fertility and Sterility, 2023.
    3. ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology). “The Impact of Lifestyle on Reproductive Health.” Human Reproduction Update, 2022.

  • Preserv Fertility: Egg Freezing Explained

    1. What is Egg Freezing?

    Egg freezing, or oocyte cryopreservation, is a fertility preservation technique that involves:

    1. Ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs.
    2. Egg retrieval through a minimally invasive procedure.
    3. Cryopreservation (freezing) using vitrification, a fast-freezing method that prevents ice crystal formation, preserving the eggs at extremely low temperatures​.

    Eggs remain frozen until the individual decides to use them for in vitro fertilization (IVF), at which point they are thawed, fertilized, and implanted into the uterus.

    2. Who Should Consider Egg Freezing?

    A. Medical Indications

    Egg freezing is recommended for individuals who may face fertility loss due to medical conditions or treatments, including:

    • Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which can damage ovarian function​.
    • Endometriosis, a condition that may cause scarring and reduced ovarian reserve​.
    • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) requiring treatments that affect fertility.
    • Genetic disorders, such as BRCA mutations, which may necessitate ovary removal.

    B. Social or Elective Freezing

    Some women choose to freeze their eggs for personal, career, or relationship reasons to extend their reproductive timeline. Studies show that women under 35 have higher success rates when using frozen eggs later​.

    Ideal candidates for elective freezing:

    • Women in their late 20s to early 30s who want to delay childbearing.
    • Those not ready to start a family but concerned about age-related fertility decline.
    • Individuals with low ovarian reserve (diagnosed through AMH and antral follicle count testing).

    3. Step-by-Step Process of Egg Freezing

    Step 1: Fertility Assessment & Hormonal Testing

    Before egg freezing, women undergo a comprehensive fertility evaluation, including:

    • Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) test – Measures ovarian reserve.
    • Antral Follicle Count (AFC) – Assesses the number of follicles available for stimulation​.
    • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Estradiol levels – Help determine ovarian function.

    Step 2: Ovarian Stimulation (10–14 Days)

    • The patient self-administers hormone injections (FSH, LH) to stimulate multiple eggs.
    • Regular ultrasound monitoring and blood tests track follicle growth.
    • A trigger shot (hCG or GnRH agonist) is given 36 hours before retrieval to mature eggs​.

    Step 3: Egg Retrieval (Oocyte Aspiration)

    • A doctor retrieves eggs using a minor surgical procedure called transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration.
    • The patient is under mild sedation, and a needle is inserted into the ovaries to extract mature eggs.
    • The procedure takes about 15–30 minutes.

    Step 4: Vitrification (Fast Freezing of Eggs)

    • The retrieved eggs undergo vitrification, an ultra-rapid freezing method that prevents ice crystal formation.
    • Eggs are stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C, maintaining their quality for years​.

    4. Success Rates of Egg Freezing

    The success of egg freezing depends on age, number of frozen eggs, and the clinic’s laboratory techniques.

    Age at FreezingChance of Live Birth per Thawed Egg
    < 35 years7–15% per egg
    35–38 years5–10% per egg
    > 38 years3–5% per egg

    Key Findings:

    • Freezing 15–20 eggs before age 35 offers a 70% chance of at least one live birth​.
    • Younger eggs have higher survival rates and better embryo development after thawing​.
    • Success rates decline significantly after age 38 due to lower egg quality.

    5. How Long Can Eggs Stay Frozen?

    • There is no known limit to how long eggs can remain frozen while maintaining viability.
    • The longest-reported case of a successful birth from a 14-year-old frozen egg demonstrates long-term storage safety​.

    6. Risks and Considerations

    Medical Risks

    • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) – A rare reaction to fertility medications that causes bloating and discomfort.
    • Egg retrieval procedure risks – Infection or bleeding (rare).

    Ethical and Emotional Considerations

    • Egg survival is not guaranteed – Not all eggs survive the freezing, thawing, and fertilization process.
    • Emotional impact – Some women feel pressure about using or discarding frozen eggs later in life.

    7. Cost of Egg Freezing

    Egg freezing costs vary by country and clinic, but the average price per cycle is:

    CountryCost per Cycle (USD)
    USA$6,000 – $15,000
    UK£3,500 – £5,000
    Europe€3,000 – €6,000
    Australia$5,000 – $8,000

    Additional Costs:

    • Medications: $3,000–$5,000 per cycle.
    • Annual storage fees: $500–$1,000 per year.
    • IVF treatment later: $10,000–$15,000.

    Some insurance providers and employers now cover egg freezing for medical reasons, and companies like Facebook and Apple offer it as an employee benefit​.

    8. Conclusion: Is Egg Freezing Right for You?

    Egg freezing offers a valuable option for fertility preservation, but it is not a guarantee of future pregnancy. Women should carefully evaluate their age, ovarian reserve, and future reproductive goals before deciding. Consulting a fertility specialist is crucial to understand individual success probabilities.

    Key Takeaways

    ✔ Best done before age 35 for higher success rates.
    ✔ 15–20 frozen eggs = ~70% chance of live birth.
    ✔ Costs range from $6,000–$15,000 per cycle, plus storage fees.
    ✔ New advances continue to improve egg freezing success.

    Would you like a personalized fertility consultation? Talk to a fertility expert today!

    References

    1. Han E, Seifer DB. Oocyte Cryopreservation for Medical and Planned Indications. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3542).
    2. Varlas VN, Bors RG, Albu D, et al. Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8088).
    3. Cascante SD, et al. Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation: The State of the ART. RBMO. 2023;47(6):103367.

  • Endometriosis and Fertility: What You Need to Know

    Endometriosis And Fertility –

    How Does Endometriosis Affect Fertility?

    Endometriosis can make getting pregnant harder in different ways. Here’s how:

    1. Inflammation Makes the Uterus Less Welcoming for Pregnancy

    • Endometriosis causes inflammation, which is the body’s way of responding to irritation or injury.

    • Inflammation can make the lining of the uterus less prepared for an embryo to attach and grow, lowering the chances of pregnancy​.

    2. Hormonal Imbalances Can Disrupt Ovulation

    • Women with endometriosis often have high levels of estrogen, a hormone that helps the lining of the uterus grow. Too much estrogen can make the condition worse.

    • Some women also develop resistance to progesterone, another hormone needed for pregnancy. This means their uterus doesn’t respond properly to signals that help a fertilized egg implant​.

    3. Scarring Can Block the Fallopian Tubes or Affect the Ovaries

    • Endometriosis can cause scar tissue and cysts to form on the reproductive organs.

    • If the fallopian tubes (which carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus) are blocked, the egg and sperm may never meet.

    • If ovarian cysts form, they can damage healthy egg-producing tissue, lowering the number of eggs available for fertilization​.

    4. Egg Quality Can Be Affected

    • Endometriosis can increase oxidative stress, which damages cells—including eggs.

    • This means some eggs may not develop properly, making fertilization and early pregnancy more difficult​.

    Endometriosis And Fertility –

    Can You Get Pregnant Naturally with Endometriosis?

    Yes! Many women with endometriosis conceive without medical help, but the chances depend on:

    · How severe the endometriosis is – Mild cases are less likely to affect fertility.

    · Your age – Fertility naturally decreases after age 35.

    · Whether your fallopian tubes are open – If they are blocked, the egg and sperm can’t meet.

    · How long you’ve been trying – If you’ve been trying for over a year (or six months if you’re over 35), it’s best to see a specialist.

    Women with mild endometriosis have a pregnancy rate of about 40-60% within two years of trying. However, those with more severe cases may need fertility treatments​.

    Endometriosis And Fertility

    Treatment Options for Endometriosis-Related Infertility

    If you’re struggling to get pregnant, several options can help:

    1. Medications to Reduce Inflammation and Balance Hormones

    • Birth control pills, progestins, or hormone treatments can help control endometriosis symptoms.

    • However, these treatments don’t improve fertility—they’re used more for symptom relief.

    2. Surgery to Remove Endometriosis Lesions and Scar Tissue

    • Laparoscopic surgery can remove cysts, scar tissue, and other blockages that may be interfering with pregnancy.

    • Many women see an increase in fertility after surgery, especially if their fallopian tubes are not affected​.

    3. Fertility Treatments (IUI and IVF)

    If natural conception isn’t happening, doctors may recommend:

    • Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): A procedure where sperm is placed directly into the uterus to improve the chances of fertilization.

    • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): A process where eggs are taken from the ovaries, fertilized with sperm in a lab, and then placed back into the uterus​.

    IVF can be especially helpful for women with moderate to severe endometriosis, as it bypasses some of the barriers caused by scarring and inflammation.

    Ways to Improve Fertility with Endometriosis

    Even if you’re not undergoing treatment, there are steps you can take to support your fertility naturally, thought they are not a treatment:

    Eat an Anti-Inflammatory Diet

    • Focus on leafy greens, omega-3-rich foods (salmon, walnuts, flaxseeds), and whole grains.

    • Avoid processed foods, sugar, and excessive dairy, which can trigger inflammation​.

    Manage Stress

    • High stress can interfere with hormones that control ovulation.

    • Activities like yoga, meditation, and acupuncture may improve relaxation and hormonal balance​.

    Stay Active but Avoid Overexercising

    • Moderate exercise (walking, swimming, yoga) helps reduce inflammation and supports fertility.

    • However, excessive exercise can disrupt ovulation, so it’s important to find balance.

    Consider Supplements

    • Vitamin D, vitamin C, and antioxidants can help reduce inflammation and support reproductive health​.

    • Talk to your doctor before starting any new supplements.

    Endometriosis And Fertility –

    When to See a Doctor

    If you have endometriosis and are trying to conceive, see a doctor if:

    · You’ve been trying for over a year (or six months if over 35).

    · You have severe pain during periods or sex.

    · You’ve had previous surgeries for endometriosis.

    · You suspect blocked fallopian tubes or ovarian cysts.

    Early evaluation and treatment can improve your chances of a successful pregnancy.

    Endometriosis And Fertility –

    Conclusion

    Endometriosis doesn’t mean infertility—but it can make conception more challenging. The good news is that many women with endometriosis go on to have healthy pregnancies, whether naturally or with the help of fertility treatments.

    Understanding how endometriosis affects fertility, available treatment options, and lifestyle changes can help you take control of your reproductive health and increase your chances of conceiving.

    References

    1. Latif, S., et al. Endometriosis and In Vitro Fertilization. Medicina 2024​.

    2. Tsuei, A., et al. Comprehensive Management of Bowel Endometriosis: Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, and Best Practices. J. Clin. Med. 2025​.

    3. Dymanowska-Dyjak, I., et al. Oxidative Imbalance in Endometriosis-Related Infertility—The Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024​.

    4. Bayu, P., et al. Vitamin C and E Antioxidant Supplementation May Significantly Reduce Pain Symptoms in Endometriosis. PLoS ONE 2024​.

    5. Chen, C., et al. Acupuncture for Clinical Improvement of Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024​.

  • Understanding IVF: How It Works and What to Expect

    1. Understanding IVF: Who Can Benefit from IVF?

    · IVF is recommended for:

    · Women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes.

    · Women with low ovarian reserve or poor egg quality.

    · Couples experiencing unexplained infertility.

    · Men with low sperm count or poor sperm motility.

    · Individuals with genetic conditions requiring embryo screening.

    · LGBTQ+ couples and single parents using donor eggs, sperm, or surrogacy​.

    2.Understanding IVF: How the Process Works

    Step1: Ovarian Stimulation

    • The woman takes hormonal injections for 10–14 days to stimulate multiple eggs to develop.

    • Follicle growth is monitored via ultrasound and blood tests.

    • When the follicles reach maturity (17–20mm in size), an hCG trigger shot is administered​.

    Step 2: Egg Retrieval (Oocyte Aspiration)

    • 36 hours after the trigger shot, eggs are retrieved using a thin needle inserted through the vagina, guided by ultrasound.

    • The procedure takes 15–20 minutes and is performed under sedation or anesthesia​.

    •  

    Step 3: Sperm Collection and Fertilization

    • A sperm sample is collected from the partner or donor.

    • Fertilization is done using one of two methods:

    • Conventional IVF – Sperm and eggs are placed together in a petri dish.

    • ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) – A single sperm is injected directly into each egg, often used for male infertility​.

    •  

    Step 4: Embryo Development

    • Fertilized eggs develop into embryos over 5–6 days.

    • Embryologists monitor cell division and quality.

    • On Day 5 or 6, the best embryos (blastocysts) are selected for transfer​.

    •  

    Step 5: Embryo Transfer

    • The healthiest embryo(s) are transferred into the uterus using a thin catheter.

    • The procedure is quick and painless, similar to a Pap smear.

    • Any extra embryos can be frozen for future use​.

    •  

    Step 6: The Two-Week Wait and Pregnancy Test

    • 12–14 days after embryo transfer, a blood test checks for pregnancy.

    • If positive, pregnancy is monitored via ultrasound at 6–7 weeks to confirm fetal heartbeat​.

    •  

    3.Understanding IVF/IVF Success Rates: What to Expect?

    Success Rates by Age

    Age Group IVF                        Success Rate (Live Births per Cycle)

    Under 35                                    45–70%

    35–37                                           40%

    38–39                                           30–35%

    40–42                                           8–25%

    Over 42                                       <10%

    IVF is most successful in younger women because egg quality declines with age​.

    Factors That Affect IVF Success

    · Age and ovarian reserve – AMH and follicle count play a key role.

    · Sperm quality – Poor sperm motility may require ICSI.

    · Uterine health – Fibroids, polyps, or thin endometrial lining can impact implantation.

    · Embryo quality – Chromosomal abnormalities lower success rates.

    · Lifestyle factors – Smoking, obesity, and stress negatively affect outcomes​.

    4.Understanding IVF/ Risks and Side Effects of IVF

    While IVF is safe, potential risks include:

    A. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

    • Caused by excessive hormone stimulation.

    • Symptoms: bloating, nausea, rapid weight gain, fluid retention.

    • Severe cases require hospitalization​.

    B. Multiple Pregnancies

    • Transferring multiple embryos increases the risk of twins or triplets.

    • Multiple pregnancies lead to higher risks of preterm birth and complications.

    C. Emotional and Financial Stress

    • The emotional toll of failed cycles can be significant.

    • IVF costs range from $10,000 to $20,000 per cycle, depending on location​.

       

    5.Understanding IVF/ Cost and Accessibility of IVF

    Country.                                 Average Cost per Cycle (USD)

    United States.                   $12,000 – $25,000

    UK                                               $7,000 – $10,000

    Canada                                   $10,000 – $15,000

    Brazil                                         $4,000 – $6,000

    India                                           $2,000 – $4,000

    · Some insurance plans cover IVF, but coverage varies by country and provider​.

    6. Conclusion: Is IVF Right for You?

    IVF offers hope to many couples facing infertility, but it is not a guaranteed solution.

    · Younger patients have higher success rates.

    · Embryo freezing allows for multiple attempts.

    · Genetic testing (PGT-A) can help identify healthy embryos.

    · Emotional support is crucial – consider counseling during treatment.

    If you are considering IVF, consult a fertility specialist to discuss your options and personalize your treatment plan.

    Would you like to explore the next topic: “Egg Freezing: Who Should Consider It and How It Works”? 

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009​.

    2. Practice Committee of the ASRM. “Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates.” Fertility and Sterility, 2023.

    3. ESHRE (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology). “IVF Outcomes and Risk Factors.” Human Reproduction Update, 2022.

    All information is evidence-based and properly referenced

  • What is Ovarian Reserve? How to Test It. Can You Improve Your Egg Quality?

    1. What is Ovarian Reserve?

    A woman is born with 1–2 million eggs, but by puberty, only about 300,000–400,000 remain. With each menstrual cycle, a number of eggs is lost, and only one matures for ovulation. By the time a woman reaches her late 30s and early 40s, the number and quality of her eggs decline significantly​.

    What is Ovarian Reserve Importance?

    · It helps predict natural fertility potential.

    · It determines the likelihood of success with fertility treatments.

    · It indicates the timing of menopause.

    Does Low Ovarian Reserve Mean Infertility?Not necessarily. A woman with a low ovarian reserve can still conceive, but her chances decrease with age, especially after 35 years old​.

    2. How to Test Ovarian Reserve?

    A. Hormonal Blood Tests

    Test What It Measures Optimal Range

    Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH). Ovarian reserve 1.0–4.0 ng/mL (ideal fertility)

    Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Ovarian function <10 mIU/mL (tested on Day 3 of the cycle)

    Estradiol (E2) Egg development response. 25–75 pg/mL (Day 3 test)

    Inhibin B. Ovarian activity. >45 pg/mL suggests good reserve

    • AMH is the most reliable marker, as it remains stable throughout the menstrual cycle.

    • FSH and estradiol levels are useful but may fluctuate from cycle to cycle​.

    B. Ultrasound Tests

    1. Antral Follicle Count (AFC) – Measures the number of small follicles in both ovaries via transvaginal ultrasound.

      • High AFC (>12 follicles) = Good ovarian reserve.

      • Low AFC (<5 follicles) = Diminished reserve.

    2. Ovarian Volume – Women with larger ovarian volume tend to have better fertility outcomes​.

    3. Factors That Affect Ovarian Reserve

    A. Aging

    · Egg count declines naturally after 30 and rapidly after 35.

    · Egg quality decreases, increasing the risk of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.

    B. Lifestyle Factors

    • Smoking – Reduces ovarian reserve and advances menopause by 1–4 years.

    • Obesity – Alters hormonal balance, impacting egg quality.

    • Excessive alcohol – Lowers AMH and damages egg DNA​.

    C. Medical Conditions

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Can result in higher AFC but poorer egg quality.

    • Endometriosis – Causes ovarian damage, reducing egg supply.

    • Autoimmune diseases – May lead to early ovarian failure​.

    D. Family History

    · A family history of early menopause increases the likelihood of low ovarian reserve.

    4. Can You Improve Ovarian Reserve?

    The Truth About Supplements and Egg Quality

    · There is no proven way to increase the number of eggs a woman has.

    · Some studies suggest that Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may help mitochondrial function in eggs, but it does not reverse genetic aging​.

    · No supplement can prevent chromosomal abnormalities in eggs caused by age​.

    Best Strategies for Protecting Egg Quality

    1. Lifestyle modifications – Avoid smoking, excessive alcohol, and maintain a balanced diet.

    2. Consider egg freezing at a younger age – If planning delayed pregnancy.

    3. Fertility assessment – Regular testing to understand reproductive health​.

    5. Fertility Treatments for Low Ovarian Reserve

    • Mild ovarian stimulation – Lower doses of fertility drugs for better egg quality.

    • Egg freezing (oocyte cryopreservation) – A great option for women with declining ovarian reserve who wish to conceive later.

    • IVF with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A) – Helps select chromosomally healthy embryos​.

    6. Conclusion: What is Ovarian Reserve? Why  you should it.

    Ovarian reserve is a key factor in fertility, but a low reserve doesn’t mean pregnancy is impossible.

    · AMH and AFC are the best predictors of ovarian reserve.

    · Egg quality is just as important as quantity for successful conception.

    · No supplement has been proven to increase egg quantity or reverse age-related decline.

    Women considering pregnancy—especially after 30—should undergo fertility testing early to explore their options for natural conception or fertility preservation.

    What is ovarian reserve? You Know the answer. Share this post and help us spread the word!

    Would you like to assess your ovarian reserve? Book a consultation with a fertility specialist today!

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009​.

    2. American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). “Ovarian Reserve Testing: What You Need to Know.” Fertility and Sterility, 2023.

    3. Nelson, S.M. “Antimüllerian Hormone and Ovarian Reserve Assessment.” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, Vol.50, No.3, 2021, pp. 485-500.

    4. Wallace, W.H.B., & Kelsey, T.W. “Human Ovarian Reserve from Conception to Menopause.” PLoS ONE, 2010.

  • Investigating Infertility: The Most Accurate Tests for Women and Men

    1. Investigating Infertility:When Should You Get Tested for Infertility?

    Doctors recommend fertility testing if:

    • A woman under 35 has been trying to conceive for 12 months without success.

    • A woman over 35 has been trying for 6 months without success.

    • A woman has irregular or absent menstrual cycles.

    • A man has a history of low sperm count, erectile dysfunction, or hormone issues.

    • A couple experiences multiple miscarriages​.

    The choice of tests depends on age, medical history, lifestyle, and suspected reproductive health conditions.

    2. Investigating Infertility:Fertility Tests for Women

    A. Hormonal Blood Tests

    These tests assess ovarian reserve (egg supply), menstrual cycle regularity, and reproductive hormone balance:

    Test Purpose Ideal Value for Fertility

    Anti-Müllerian Hormone(AMH) Measures ovarian reserve 1.0–4.0 ng/mL

    Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Assesses ovarian function. <10 mIU/mL on day 3

    Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Indicates ovulation issues. 5–20 mIU/mL on day 3

    Estradiol (E2) Evaluates ovarian response. 25–75 pg/mL on day 3

    Progesterone Confirms ovulation >3 ng/mL after ovulation

    Prolactin Identifies hormonal imbalances 2–29 ng/mL

    Thyroid Hormones (TSH & T4) Assesses thyroid function, which affects ovulation TSH: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L

    These tests are usually done on specific days of the menstrual cycle to get the most accurate results​.

    B. Ultrasound Tests

    Transvaginal Ultrasound helps evaluate:

    • Antral Follicle Count (AFC) – Measures how many eggs are available for retrieval.

    • Ovarian cysts or polycystic ovaries (PCOS).

    • Fibroids or uterine abnormalities that can affect implantation​.

    C. Ovulation Tracking

    Doctors may recommend tracking ovulation through:✔ Basal Body Temperature (BBT) charting – Slight increase in temperature after ovulation.✔ Ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) – Detects LH surge before ovulation.✔ Blood tests – Measures progesterone levels post-ovulation​.

    D. Fallopian Tube and Uterus Testing

    1. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) – An X-ray test using contrast dye to check if fallopian tubes are open.

    2. Sonohysterography – Uses ultrasound to detect polyps, fibroids, or uterine shape abnormalities.

    3. Hysteroscopy – A small camera is inserted into the uterus to directly examine the endometrial lining​.

    If any blockages or abnormalities are found, surgical intervention may be needed to restore fertility.

    3. Investigating Infertility:Fertility Tests for Men

    A. Semen Analysis

    A semen analysis evaluates:

    • Sperm count – Normal is 15 million or more per milliliter.

    • Sperm motility (movement) – At least 40% should be active.

    • Sperm morphology (shape and size) – At least 4% normal shape.

    • Volume – Normal is 1.5–5 mL per ejaculation​.

    B. Hormonal Tests

    Men also need hormonal evaluations:

    • Testosterone – Regulates sperm production (Normal: 300–1,000 ng/dL).

    • FSH & LH – Stimulates sperm production (Normal: 1.5–12.4 mIU/mL).

    • Prolactin – High levels may indicate pituitary dysfunction.

    • Estradiol (E2) – Important for sperm maturation (Normal: 10–40 pg/mL)​.

    C. Genetic Testing

    If a man has severe sperm issues, genetic tests may identify Y-chromosome microdeletions or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Klinefelter Syndrome​.

    4. What Happens After Testing? Treatment Options

    Based on the results, possible fertility treatments include:

    A. Lifestyle Changes

    ✔ Maintaining a healthy weight.✔ Reducing alcohol, smoking, and caffeine.✔ Managing stress and sleep patterns​.

    B. Medications for Women

    • Clomiphene citrate – Induces ovulation.

    • Letrozole – Stimulates egg production.

    • Gonadotropins (FSH, LH injections) – Used in IVF or IUI cycles.

    C. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

    1. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) – Sperm is placed directly in the uterus.

    2. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) – Eggs are retrieved, fertilized, and implanted.

    3. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – A single sperm is injected into an egg, useful for male infertility.

    4. Egg or sperm donation – If natural conception is not possible​.

    5. Conclusion: Investigating Infertility:The Importance of Early Testing

    Early fertility testing can identify potential issues and help couples make informed decisions about their reproductive future.

    Women should check their ovarian reserve by age 30 if planning to delay pregnancy.

    Men should have a semen analysis if conception is unsuccessful after 12 months.

    Advanced fertility treatments exist for many causes of infertility.

    If you’re struggling to conceive, schedule a fertility evaluation today!

    References

    1. Cardim, H.J.P. Vencendo a Dificuldade de Engravidar. Editora Pensamento-Cultrix Ltda, 2009.

    2. Eekelen, R. van, et al. “Natural Conception: Repeated Predictions Over Time.” Human Reproduction, Vol.32, No.2, 2017, pp. 346–353. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dew309​.

    3. Guerriero, S., Condous, G., & Alcázar, J.L. How to Perform Ultrasonography in Endometriosis. Springer International Publishing, 2018.

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