What Are Uterine Fibroids?

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumors found in women of reproductive age. Studies estimate that up to 70–80% of women will develop fibroids by the age of 50, though many will remain asymptomatic. These tumors are hormonally sensitive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen and progesterone.

Fibroids can be singular or multiple and can grow at different locations within the uterus. Their growth rate varies from person to person, with some remaining small for years while others expand rapidly.

Causes of Uterine Fibroids

• Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone stimulate fibroid growth. After menopause, fibroids often shrink as hormone levels decrease.
• Genetics: Family history increases the risk of fibroids. Certain gene mutations have been associated with fibroid development.
• Ethnicity: Black women are more likely to develop fibroids at a younger age and with more severe symptoms.
• Obesity and Lifestyle Factors: Excess weight increases estrogen production. Diets high in red meat and low in vegetables, alcohol, and smoking can contribute to fibroid growth.
• Pregnancy and Childbirth: Women who have given birth are at lower risk, possibly due to hormonal changes during pregnancy.

Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids

• Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia): May cause anemia and fatigue.
• Pelvic Pain and Pressure: Caused by large or numerous fibroids.
• Frequent Urination or Difficulty Emptying the Bladder: Due to pressure on the bladder.
• Constipation and Bloating: When fibroids press against the rectum.
• Pain During Intercourse (Dyspareunia): Depending on fibroid location.
• Infertility and Pregnancy Complications: Some women may experience difficulty conceiving or complications like preterm labor.

Types of Uterine Fibroids

• Intramural Fibroids: Grow within the uterine wall; most common type.
• Submucosal Fibroids: Develop under the uterine lining; often cause heavy bleeding and fertility issues.
• Subserosal Fibroids: Grow on the outer surface of the uterus; may cause pressure on pelvic organs.
• Pedunculated Fibroids: Grow on a stalk and may twist, causing pain.
• Cervical Fibroids: Rare; located in the cervix and can complicate labor and delivery.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
• Severe pelvic pain or pressure
• Difficulty urinating or constipation
• Painful intercourse
• Infertility or recurrent miscarriages

Doctors may use ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy to diagnose fibroids and evaluate size and location.

Conclusion

Uterine fibroids are common and often misunderstood. While some women have no symptoms, others experience significant discomfort and reproductive challenges. Understanding fibroid types, symptoms, and risk factors helps women make informed decisions about their health. If you suspect fibroids, consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options.

This content is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice.

References

1. Micić, J., et al. (2024). “Currently Available Treatment Modalities for Uterine Fibroids.” Medicina, 60(868).
2. Krzyżanowski, J., et al. (2024). “Advancements and Emerging Therapies in the Medical Management of Uterine Fibroids.” Med Sci Monit, 30(e943614).
3. Li, H., et al. (2024). “The Influence of Uterine Fibroids on Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women: A Meta-Analysis.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(345).